TBR’s research indicates that the telecom industry has entered a period of rationalization and that the operator and vendor landscape, as well as the telecom business model, will fundamentally change over the next decade. The anti-pragmatic, restrictive and often hostile regulatory environment, coupled with macroeconomic headwinds (especially the relatively high cost of capital), and the inability for CSPs to truly transform into cloud-native digital service providers have brought the industry to this precipice.